Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) (elevated solar arrays enabling energy and rainwater harvesting alongside crop production), have been gaining increasing traction globally. Most research has focused on the technical efficacy of AVS, with less attention paid to social dimensions and few studies in East Africa (EA). This research had two aims; firstly, to identify the critical enabling factors, institutions and support required to successfully widen AVS adoption across EA.
Secondly, could widening adoption help address increasing climate-energy-food production-population growth challenges predicted for the coming decades. We present findings from two case study farms where AVS was installed (Kenya and Tanzania). We undertook user journey mapping with 14 participants associated with the case study farms, to monitor their experiences, building narratives that identify critical enabling factors and support required to successfully widen East African AVS adoption.
The case studies are supplemented by additional farmer interviews (n = 44) and two end of project workshops with diverse regional stakeholders.
Our findings indicate AV technology could be beneficial to a range of agricultural systems and contribute to addressing climate-energy-food nexus issues in EA, but innovations are needed to enable this uptake.
Specifically, widening AVS adoption equitably requires: government interventions to deal with land tenure uncertainties particularly for small-holders and cooperative farms; provision of appropriate finance mechanisms for different types of beneficiaries; reforming the current regulatory framework for energy investments and payments for surplus distribution of AV electricity; and, developing assistance from additional supporting agencies (e.g. regulatory, agricultural and technical) at key touch-points in the adoption process.
Conclusion
At present, our findings highlight that the opinion of our participants is that the agencies and institutions who would be required to assist farmers at the negative touch-points are currently not well positioned to provide this support at these critical stages. This could undermine any attempts to upscale the technology across the region.
The systems were perceived as most appropriate for medium and large-scale commercial farms with access to capital and who can best utilise the AV power for crop processing. However, these AV systems could potentially be suitable for a range of farming scales, systems and practices, including community cooperatives and livestock keepers.
Land tenure insecurity and finance restrictions are perceived to be the largest threats to the wider upscaling of AV, particularly for small-holders.
Excerpt of: Harnessing the sun for agriculture: Pathways to the successful expansion of Agrivoltaic systems in East Africa (Steve Cinderby, Karen A. Parkhill, Stephen Langford, Cassilde Muhoza 1994).